How Americans Give

Chronicle study finds that race is a powerful influence

Growing up in Detroit, Shirley A. Kaigler recalls, "if I had a dime, a nickel of it went to the church." Her parents made it clear that giving to the church was a responsibility not to be ignored, no matter how little she had to give.

"We weren't what you would call middle class, really," Ms. Kaigler, 51, says. "My father worked in the Chrysler plants, and my mother was a homemaker. We did not have significant funds."

But, like thousands of other black families in Detroit, Ms.

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